Note: this post contains no original ideas, nor even any attempts at originality. Instead, it’s simply my way of making sense of a complicated issue.
While we’ve seen the concept of מחוסר ××ž× ×” in the ×¤×•×¡×§×™× for two weeks already, yesterday was the first time we started looking into the גמר×. In brief, מחוסר ××ž× ×” is when two people reach a verbal agreement, and all the terms are agreed upon, but no money has been transfered (and obviously no ×§× ×™×™×Ÿ has been made). If one of them backs out at that point, he has done a Bad Thing™.
However, sometimes, there may seem to be legitimate reasons to renege on an agreement. For example, if the price of an items rises, a seller may wish to back out of a commitment to sell for X, and sell it to someone else for a higher price, Y. Alternatively, a worker who was hired as a קבלן and who is not billing for materials may no longer wish to take a job if his desired price offer was based on a lower material cost than what is available in the market today.
There’s another type of immoral behavior mentioned below called “מי שפרע”. In this case, a ×§× ×™×™×Ÿ כסף was made on מטלטלין, but there was no ×§× ×™×™×Ÿ משיכה. If either party backs out at this point, the wronged party can bring the offender to בית דין, where he’s threatened (or cursed, hinted at below) that:
מי שפרע מ×× ×©×™ דור המבול ומ×× ×©×™ דור הפלגה ומ×× ×©×™ ×¡×“×•× ×•×¢×ž×•×¨×” ×•×ž×ž×¦×¨×™× ×©×˜×‘×¢×• בי×, ×”×•× ×™×™×¤×¨×¢ ממי ש××™× ×• עומד בדיבורו
He [Hashem] who extracted judgment from the generation of the Flood, and the generation of the Tower of Bavel and the men of Sodom and Gemorroh, and drowned the Egyptions in the Sea; He will collect from one who doesn’t stand by his word.
Yikes.
Regarding מחוסר ××ž× ×”, the first source for these הלכות is the ×’×ž×¨× in ×‘×‘× ×ž×¦×™×¢× on page 48b:
דר’ ×—×™×™× ×‘×¨ יוסף יהבו ליה זוזי ×מלחה לסוף ×ייקר ×ž×œ×—× ××ª× ×œ×§×ž×™×” דרבי ×™×•×—× ×Ÿ ×מר ליה זיל הב להו ו××™ ×œ× ×§×‘×™×œ עליך מי שפרע ו××™ ×מרת ×ודועי ×ž×•×“×¢×™× ×Ÿ ליה רבי ×—×™×™× ×‘×¨ יוסף בר ×ודיעי ×”×•× ×•××œ× ×ž××™ מילט ×œ×™×™×˜×™× ×Ÿ ליה רבי ×—×™×™× ×‘×¨ יוסף ×תי לקבולי עליה ×œ×˜×•×ª× ×“×¨×‘× ×Ÿ ××œ× ×¨×‘×™ ×—×™×™× ×‘×¨ יוסף ערבון ×”×•× ×“×™×”×‘×™ ליה ×”×•× ×¡×‘×¨ ×›× ×’×“×• ×§×•× ×” ו×מר ליה ר’ ×™×•×—× ×Ÿ ×›× ×’×“ כולו ×”×•× ×§×•× ×”
The context is an attempt to determine whether a מי שפרע is a curse or a statement of fact. The story is brought down that ר’ ×—×™×™× ×‘×¨ יוסף was once payed for part of a large order of salt. Before he received the entire paying, the price went up. רבי ×™×•×—× ×Ÿ told him that he has to finish the sale (with the original buyer, at the original amount), and he cannot back out of the deal with the buyer and find a new buyer at the higher price (and if he does, he has to accept a מי שפרע).
Based on this, the ×’×ž×¨× attempts to prove that מי שפרע cannot be a way of informing the person, since obviously ר’ ×—×™×™× ×‘×¨ יוסף knew about מי שפרע! The ×’×ž×¨× challenges this by saying that ר’ ×—×™×™× ×‘×¨ יוסף also wouldn’t have accepted a curse! Instead, the ×’×ž×¨× concludes, the discussion with רבי ×™×•×—× ×Ÿ was regarding whether the down payment is considered to apply to the entire sale, or only “×›× ×’×“×•”, meaning that it only operates on it’s value’s worth, and the rest of the sale only has “דבריה (and is therefore a case of מחוסר ××ž× ×” and not מי שפרע). In this case, רבי ×™×•×—× ×Ÿ holds that the entire sale is connected to this payment, and thus a failure to complete it would merit a מי שפרע. According to ר’ ×—×™×™× ×‘×¨ יוסף’s opinion, the money only creates an obligation vis-a-vis the corresponding amount of salt, and the rest is just דברי×.
From the fact that ר’ ×—×™×™× ×‘×¨ יוסף didn’t see anything wrong with backing out of the second part of the sale, according to his opinion, it seems that דברי×, in a case of a price change, does not carry the stigma (indeed, prohibition, as we’ll see later) of a מחוסר ××ž× ×”.
The next source is קידושין on page 8a.
×‘× ×™ רב ×”×•× × ×‘×¨ ×בין זבין ×”×”×™× ××ž×ª× ×‘×¤×¨×™×˜×™ ×œ× ×”×•×• בהדייהו ×ותיבי × ×¡×›× ×¢×œ×™×” לסוף ×ייקר ××ž×ª× ×תו לקמיה דרבי ×מי ×מר להו פריטי ×ין ×›×ן × ×¡×›× ×ין ×›×ן
Here, the sons of רב ×”×•× × ×‘×¨ ×בין wanted to buy a maidservent, but they had insufficient cash. Instead, the left an item as a משכון. By the time they returned with the money, they maidservent was worth more, and the owner wanted to void the transaction and sell it to someone else for a higher price. רבי ×מי ruled that since there was no transaction yet, it’s not a case of מי שפרע, and the seller can retract. As in the first case, there appears to be no concern about a possible מחוסר .××ž× ×”
On the other hand, we have the ×’×ž×¨× in ×‘×‘× ×ž×¦×™×¢× on page 49a:
רב ×›×”× × ×™×”×‘×• ליה זוזי ××›×™×ª× × ×œ×¡×•×£ ×ייקר ×›×™×ª× × ××ª× ×œ×§×ž×™×” דרב ×מר ליה במ××™ ×“× ×§×™×˜×ª זוזי הב להו ו×ידך ×“×‘×¨×™× × ×™× ×”×• ×•×“×‘×¨×™× ×ין בהן ×‘×©×•× ×ž×—×™×¡×¨×™ ××ž× ×” ד×יתמר ×“×‘×¨×™× ×¨×‘ ×מר ×ין בהן ×ž×©×•× ×ž×—×™×¡×¨×™ ××ž× ×” ורבי ×™×•×—× ×Ÿ ×מר יש ×‘×”× ×ž×©×•× ×ž×—×™×¡×¨×™ ××ž× ×” מיתבי רבי יוסי ברבי יהודה ×ומר מה תלמוד לומר הין צדק ×•×”×œ× ×”×™×Ÿ בכלל ×יפה ×”×™×” ××œ× ×œ×•×ž×¨ לך ×©×™×”× ×”×Ÿ שלך צדק ול×ו שלך צדק ×מר ×ביי ×”×”×•× ×©×œ× ×™×“×‘×¨ ×חד בפה ו×חד בלב
רב ×›×”× × received partial payment for some flax, which subsequently appreciate in value. רב ruled that he has to sell the amount corresponding to the original payment, but the rest is just “דבריה, and ×“×‘×¨×™× has no מחיסרי ××ž× ×”. We bring a ×‘×¨×™×™×ª× which states clearly that in a case of ×“×‘×¨×™× alone, רב holds that there’s no מחיסרי ××ž× ×” and רבי ×™×•×—× ×Ÿ holds there is a problem of מחיסרי ××ž× ×”. We then challenge it from רבי יוסי ברבי יהודה’s reading of the phrase “הין צדק”, which he views as superfluous (since we already know that the ×יפה measurement must be accurate), and therefore he uses this phrase to teach that there is מחיסרי ××ž× ×” by ×“×‘×¨×™× (because let “הן שלך צדק ול×ו שלך צדק”). However, ×ביי rejects this, and holds that it teaches that one must only say what they mean at that moment, but one may change their mind.
In these last two rulings, we don’t mention anything about a change in the market price. However, רש”×™ has a very strange comment:
×©×œ× ×™×“×‘×¨ ×חד בפה: בשעה ×©×”×•× ×ומר הדבור ×œ× ×™×”× ×‘×“×¢×ª×• ×œ×©× ×•×ª ×בל ×× × ×©× ×ª× ×” השער ל×חר זמן ×•×”×•× ×—×•×–×¨ בו לפי ×©×™× ×•×™ הש×ר ×ין ×›×ן חשרון ××ž× ×”
According to רש”×™, even according to ×ביי, one may only retract if the market price changes! This is also implicit in the ×’×ž×¨× itself (at least according to רבי ×™×•×—× ×Ÿ, since there’s no qualification on his ruling in the בריית×)
To be continued…
3 responses to “Mechusar Amanah”
Apparent typo. It should read:
From the fact that ר’ ×—×™×™× ×‘×¨ יוסף didn’t see anything wrong
Fixed. Thank you.
[…] we discussed three סוגיות dealing with מחוסר ××ž× ×”. In this post, we’ll discuss the הלכה למעשה, and try and explain all three sources […]